Learning Networking

  VIRTUAL CLUSTER SWITCHING (VCS): THIS IS A PROPRIETARY NETWORK FABRIC TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPED BY BROCADE, LATER ACQUIRED BY EXTREME NETWORKS. IT ALLOWS MULTIPLE PHYSICAL SWITCHES TO BE COMBINED AND MANAGED AS A SINGLE LOGICAL UNIT, OFFERING SEVERAL BENEFITS: SIMPLIFIED MANAGEMENT: MANAGE THE ENTIRE VCS AS ONE ENTITY, REDUCING CONFIGURATION OVERHEAD AND TROUBLESHOOTING COMPLEXITY. INCREASED PORT DENSITY: COMBINE PORTS FROM MULTIPLE SWITCHES TO CREATE A LARGER POOL OF AVAILABLE CONNECTIONS. IMPROVED PERFORMANCE:   ENHANCE LINK UTILIZATION AND LOAD BALANCING ACROSS MULTIPLE PHYSICAL LINKS, REDUCING BOTTLENECKS. ENHANCED REDUNDANCY:   PROVIDES FAILOVER PROTECTION IN CASE OF A SWITCH FAILURE. TRAFFIC WILL BE AUTOMATICALLY REROUTED TO OTHER SWITCHES WITHIN THE VCS. SIMPLIFIED NETWORK TOPOLOGY: ELIMINATES THE NEED FOR COMPLEX LINK AGGREGATION OR SPANNING TREE PROTOCOL (STP) CONFIGURATIONS. _________ VCS, OR VIRTUAL CLUSTER SWITCHING, CAN OPERATE IN DIFFERENT MODES DEPENDI

  VSU STANDS FOR VIRTUAL SWITCHING UNIT. IT'S A NETWORK VIRTUALIZATION TECHNOLOGY THAT ALLOWS MULTIPLE PHYSICAL SWITCHES TO BE COMBINED AND MANAGED AS A SINGLE LOGICAL DEVICE. THIS OFFERS SEVERAL BENEFITS, INCLUDING: KEY BENEFITS OF VSU: SIMPLIFIED MANAGEMENT: MANAGE THE ENTIRE VSU AS ONE ENTITY, REDUCING CONFIGURATION OVERHEAD AND SIMPLIFYING TROUBLESHOOTING. SINGLE IP ADDRESS AND MANAGEMENT INTERFACE FOR THE ENTIRE SYSTEM. INCREASED PORT DENSITY: COMBINE PORTS FROM MULTIPLE SWITCHES TO CREATE A LARGER POOL OF AVAILABLE PORTS. ACCOMMODATE MORE DEVICES AND CONNECTIONS WITHOUT ADDING PHYSICAL HARDWARE. IMPROVED PERFORMANCE: ENHANCED LINK UTILIZATION AND LOAD BALANCING ACROSS MULTIPLE PHYSICAL LINKS. REDUCED BOTTLENECKS AND IMPROVED OVERALL NETWORK THROUGHPUT. ENHANCED REDUNDANCY: PROVIDES FAILOVER PROTECTION IN CASE OF A SWITCH FAILURE. TRAFFIC CAN BE AUTOMATICALLY REROUTED TO OTHER SWITCHES WITHIN THE VSU. SIMPLIFIED NETWORK TOPOLOGY: ELIMINATES THE NE

  BPDU stands for Bridge Protocol Data Unit. BPDUs are data messages that travel across a local area network (LAN) to detect network topology loops. They contain information about ports, switches, port priority, and addresses. BPDU packet used in Stp Protocol.

  INITIAL CATALYST SWITCHES (1993-1994): WHILE CISCO HAD BEEN FOCUSED ON ROUTERS, THE FIRST "CISCO" SWITCHES ACTUALLY ORIGINATED FROM ACQUISITIONS IN THE EARLY 1990S. IN 1993, CISCO ACQUIRED CRESCENDO COMMUNICATIONS, ACQUIRING THEIR ETHERNET SWITCHING TECHNOLOGY USED IN THE CATALYST 5000 AND 6000 SERIES. IN 1994, THEY ACQUIRED KALPANA, WHICH BROUGHT THE CATALYST 3000 SERIES BASED ON THEIR FAST ETHERNET SWITCHING TECHNOLOGY. CISCO CRESCENDO COMMUNICATIONS WAS A PRIVATELY HELD NETWORKING COMPANY ACQUIRED BY CISCO SYSTEMS IN 1993. THEY SPECIALIZED IN DEVELOPING AND MANUFACTURING HIGH-PERFORMANCE WORKGROUP SOLUTIONS FOR DESKTOP COMPUTERS WITHIN LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (LANS). CISCO ACQUIRED KALPANA IN OCTOBER 1994 FOR APPROXIMATELY $204 MILLION IN STOCK. KALPANA WAS A PRIVATELY HELD COMPANY CONSIDERED THE LEADING PROVIDER OF ETHERNET SWITCHES AT THE TIME. THEIR ACQUISITION WAS A SIGNIFICANT MILESTONE FOR CISCO'S ENTRY INTO THE ETHERNET SWITCHING MARKET.

  THE FIRST CISCO ROUTER, THE AGS MULTI-PROTOCOL ROUTER, WAS DEVELOPED IN 1986. IT WAS A GROUNDBREAKING DEVICE THAT COULD CONNECT DIFFERENT LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (LANS) WITH DIFFERENT PROTOCOLS, A MAJOR INNOVATION AT THE TIME. THIS ABILITY TO BRIDGE DISPARATE NETWORKS MADE THE AGS ROUTER A KEY PLAYER IN THE EARLY DAYS OF THE INTERNET. HERE ARE SOME ADDITIONAL DETAILS ABOUT THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIRST CISCO ROUTER: THE ROUTER WAS CREATED BY LEONARD BOSACK AND SANDY LERNER, WHO WERE THEN GRADUATE STUDENTS AT STANFORD UNIVERSITY. BOSACK AND LERNER HAD BEEN WORKING ON A PROJECT TO CONNECT THE STANFORD CAMPUS NETWORK TO THE ARPANET, THE PRECURSOR TO THE INTERNET. THEY NEEDED A DEVICE THAT COULD ROUTE DATA BETWEEN THE TWO NETWORKS, WHICH USED DIFFERENT PROTOCOLS. THE AGS ROUTER WAS THE FIRST COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE ROUTER THAT COULD SUPPORT MULTIPLE PROTOCOLS. IT WAS INITIALLY SOLD TO UNIVERSITIES AND RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS, BUT IT QUICKLY BECAME POPULAR WITH BUSINESSES AS WELL.

  WIRELESS LAN CONTROLLER: IN THE DOMAIN OF NETWORKING, WLC STANDS FOR WIRELESS LAN CONTROLLER. IT'S A CENTRALIZED DEVICE THAT MANAGES AND CONFIGURES MULTIPLE WIRELESS ACCESS POINTS (APS) WITHIN A NETWORK, TYPICALLY IN LARGE ORGANIZATIONS OR INSTITUTIONS. THINK OF IT AS THE BRAIN OF THE WI-FI NETWORK, CONTROLLING AND OPTIMIZING THE PERFORMANCE OF MULTIPLE ACCESS POINTS SPREAD ACROSS AN AREA. HERE ARE SOME KEY FUNCTIONS OF A WLC: CENTRALIZED CONFIGURATION AND MANAGEMENT: THE WLC SIMPLIFIES ADMINISTRATION BY ALLOWING YOU TO CONFIGURE AND MANAGE ALL YOUR APS FROM A SINGLE INTERFACE. THIS IS MUCH EASIER THAN HAVING TO CONFIGURE EACH AP INDIVIDUALLY. IMPROVED PERFORMANCE AND RELIABILITY: WLCS CAN OPTIMIZE TRAFFIC FLOW, BALANCE CLIENT LOADS, AND ENSURE SEAMLESS ROAMING BETWEEN APS, RESULTING IN A MORE RELIABLE AND CONSISTENT WI-FI EXPERIENCE FOR USERS. ENHANCED SECURITY FEATURES: WLCS OFFER VARIOUS SECURITY FEATURES LIKE USER AUTHENTICATION, ENCRYPTION, AND ROGUE AP DET

  An RJ45 connector, easily recognizable by its eight pins, plays a crucial role in networking as it terminates Ethernet cables and facilitates data transmission between devices. Each of these eight pins serves a specific purpose: Pin 1 & 2 (Green)   Transmit Data: These pins carry data signals from your device (computer, router, etc.) out to the network. Pin 3 & 4 (Orange) Receive Data: These pins bring data signals received from the network back to your device. Pin 5 & 6 (Blue) Spare Pairs: These pins are typically unused in standard Ethernet connections but can be employed for special applications like Power over Ethernet (PoE) or telephone services. Pin 7 & 8 (Brown) Ground: These pins provide a common ground reference for the electrical signals, ensuring stable data transmission.

  1. Bus Topology:           Nodes are connected to a single, shared cable, like a backbone.           Data travels in one direction along the cable, accessible to all nodes.           Simple and inexpensive to set up.           Vulnerable to cable failure, as it can disrupt the entire network. 2. Star Topology:           Nodes connect to a central hub or switch, forming a star-like pattern.           Data flows through the central device, managing and routing traffic.           Easy to manage, troubleshoot, and expand.           If the central device fails, the entire network is affected 3. Ring Topology:           Nodes form a closed loop, with each node connected to two neighboring nodes.           Data travels in one direction around the ring.           Efficient for passing tokens or messages in a specific order.           Failure of one node can disrupt the entire network. 4. Tree Topology:           Combines features of bus and star topologies, form

  SDM Stands for Switch Database Manager. Multi-Layer Switches provides switching as well as routing functions. SDM is used to manage the memory usage on multi-layer switches (Memory should be assigned for routing or switching). If you want to use a multi-layer switch for routing function, there is no need to assign memory for storing MAC Addresses. If you want to use a multi-layer switch for the switching function, there is no need to assign memory for storing routing table entries. In simple terms, SDM allows managing the size of the tables used by multi-layer switches. There are 4 types of templates used in SDM 1) Default • This is the default mode used by all the switches. • This is the default mode used by all the switches. • The default temple give balance to all functions. • It support both routing and switching. • No. of MAC Addresses supported in this template is 6K. • No. of routes supported in this template is 8k. 2) Routing • This SDM Template is u

 

  IPV4, HAS A HEADER THAT IS 20 BYTES LONG. SINCE THERE ARE 8 BITS IN A BYTE, THIS TRANSLATES TO 160 BITS IN THE HEADER. VERSION: IDENTIFIES THE IP VERSION (E.G., 4 OR 6). IHL (INTERNET HEADER LENGTH):   INDICATES THE LENGTH OF THE HEADER IN 32-BIT WORDS (ONE WORD = 4 BYTES). THE MINIMUM VALUE IS 5, SO THE MINIMUM HEADER LENGTH IS 20 BYTES. TYPE OF SERVICE (TOS): SPECIFIES HOW THE PACKET SHOULD BE TREATED BY ROUTERS (E.G., HIGH PRIORITY, LOW DELAY). TOTAL LENGTH:   SPECIFIES THE TOTAL LENGTH OF THE PACKET IN BYTES, INCLUDING BOTH THE HEADER AND THE DATA. IDENTIFICATION: UNIQUE IDENTIFIER USED TO REASSEMBLE FRAGMENTED PACKETS. FLAGS:   CONTROL BITS FOR SPECIAL HANDLING, SUCH AS FRAGMENTATION OR DO NOT FRAGMENT. TIME TO LIVE (TTL):   DECREMENTS BY 1 WITH EACH HOP THROUGH A ROUTER. A PACKET WITH A TTL OF 0 IS DISCARDED TO PREVENT ENDLESS LOOPS. PROTOCOL:     IDENTIFIES THE PROTOCOL USED FOR THE UPPER-LAYER DATA (E.G., TCP, UDP). HEADER CHECKSUM:   ENSURE

  STRONG CONTROL IS WE USE TO CONTROL THE BROADCAST LEVEL OF SWITCH PORTS. IN STROM CONTROL WE SET THE MULTICAST BROADCAST AND UNICAST LEVELS OF OUR SWITCH PORTS.  STRONG CONTROL WHICH LEVEL WILL SEND IF A PORT SENDS A BROADCAST MULTICAST OR UNICAST FRAME IN FRAMES GREATER THAN THIS LEVEL. STROM CONTROL WHICH LEVEL WILL SET. IF A PORT SENDS A BROADCAST MULTICAST OR UNICAST FRAME IN FRAMES GREATER THAN THIS STROM LEVEL. SO WE CAN ALSO SET THE VOILATION ON THIS PORT. IN VOILATION, WE WILL EITHER SHUT DOWN THE PORT OR TRACK IT, I.E. MONITOR ITS TRAFFIC. STORM CONTROL IS A SECURITY FEATURE IN NETWORK SWITCHES THAT HELPS PROTECT AGAINST BROADCAST STORMS AND OTHER TYPES OF TRAFFIC FLOODING. IF WE DON'T USE STROM CONTROL CONNECTIVITY ISSUE ANY HACKER CAN ATTACH TO OUR NETWORK AND SEND THE BROADCAST PACKET AND FORWARD IT BY CHANGING THE SIZE OF THE BROADCAST PACKET. AND IT CAN SEND THE BROADCAST MULTICAST AND UNINCAST PACKET. IF THAT HACKER DOES THIS, OUR NETWORK CAN BE CONGESTED AND I

  TP-LINK   (5GHz AC867) 23dBi Outdoor CPE  MODEL : CPE710 We Use It For Point-To-Point Tunneling  For Example If We Moved The Same Network From One Building To Another Building. If We Want To Run, We Use It. If We Want To Run A Same Network, We Will Put One CPE In One Building And Another CPE In Another Building. One We Will Make The Access Point And The Other We Will Make The Client.  After That We Will Create A Tunnel Crate Between Them With The Configuration. But The Condition Is That There Should Not Be Any Barrier Between Them. And Their Range Is Up To Several Kilometers. ___________