Learning Networking

  AN IP EXCLUDED ADDRESS IS AN IP ADDRESS THAT HAS BEEN CONFIGURED ON A DHCP SERVER TO BE EXCLUDED FROM THE POOL OF ADDRESSES THAT CAN BE ASSIGNED TO DHCP CLIENTS.  THIS IS TYPICALLY DONE TO RESERVE IP ADDRESSES FOR SPECIFIC DEVICES, SUCH AS PRINTERS, SERVERS, OR OTHER NETWORK DEVICES THAT NEED TO HAVE A STATIC IP ADDRESS. IP EXCLUDED ADDRESSES CAN ALSO BE USED TO PREVENT DHCP CLIENTS FROM RECEIVING IP ADDRESSES THAT ARE ALREADY IN USE BY OTHER DEVICES ON THE NETWORK.  THIS CAN HELP TO AVOID IP ADDRESS CONFLICTS AND IMPROVE NETWORK PERFORMANCE. TO CONFIGURE AN IP EXCLUDED ADDRESS ON A DHCP SERVER, YOU WILL NEED TO KNOW THE IP ADDRESS THAT YOU WANT TO EXCLUDE. ONCE YOU HAVE THE IP ADDRESS, YOU CAN USE THE APPROPRIATE DHCP SERVER CONFIGURATION COMMANDS TO ADD THE IP ADDRESS TO THE EXCLUSION LIST. SOME EXAMPLES OF WHEN YOU MIGHT WANT TO USE IP EXCLUDED ADDRESSES: TO RESERVE AN IP ADDRESS FOR A SPECIFIC DEVICE, SUCH AS A PRINTER OR SERVER. TO PREVENT DHCP CLIENTS FROM RECEIVING I

  AN ACCESS LAYER SWITCH IS A TYPE OF NETWORK SWITCH THAT IS USED TO CONNECT END DEVICES, SUCH AS COMPUTERS, PRINTERS, AND SERVERS, TO THE NETWORK. IT IS THE LOWEST LAYER IN A HIERARCHICAL NETWORK DESIGN, AND IT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR PROVIDING CONNECTIVITY TO END DEVICES AND FOR SWITCHING TRAFFIC BETWEEN THEM. ACCESS LAYER SWITCHES ARE TYPICALLY LESS EXPENSIVE AND LESS POWERFUL THAN CORE AND DISTRIBUTION LAYER SWITCHES, BUT THEY ARE STILL IMPORTANT COMPONENTS OF A NETWORK. THEY NEED TO BE ABLE TO HANDLE THE TRAFFIC LOAD GENERATED BY END DEVICES, AND THEY NEED TO BE ABLE TO PROVIDE BASIC SECURITY FEATURES. SOME OF THE COMMON FEATURES OF ACCESS LAYER SWITCHES INCLUDE: SWITCHING ACCESS LAYER SWITCHES SWITCH TRAFFIC BETWEEN END DEVICES. THIS MEANS THAT THEY TAKE INCOMING TRAFFIC FROM ONE DEVICE AND FORWARD IT TO THE APPROPRIATE DESTINATION DEVICE. VLAN SUPPORT ACCESS LAYER SWITCHES CAN BE USED TO CREATE AND MANAGE VLANS (VIRTUAL LANS). VLANS ALLOW YOU TO SEGMENT YOUR NETWORK INT

FOLLOW THIS VEDIO STEPS AND SEE YOUR WIFI PASSWORD. HIS STEP FOLLOW ON ANY LAPTOP AND ANY DESKTOP THAT INSTALLED WINDOW 10 OPERATION SYSTEM. ____________

  A HIERARCHICAL NETWORK IS A NETWORK THAT IS DIVIDED INTO TWO OR MORE LAYERS, WITH EACH LAYER HAVING A SPECIFIC FUNCTION. THIS TYPE OF NETWORK DESIGN IS OFTEN USED IN LARGE AND COMPLEX NETWORKS, SUCH AS ENTERPRISE NETWORKS AND THE INTERNET. THE MOST COMMON HIERARCHICAL NETWORK DESIGN IS THE THREE-LAYER MODEL, WHICH CONSISTS OF THE FOLLOWING LAYERS: CORE LAYER: THE CORE LAYER IS THE BACKBONE OF THE NETWORK AND PROVIDES HIGH-SPEED CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN THE OTHER LAYERS. IT IS TYPICALLY MADE UP OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE SWITCHES AND ROUTERS. DISTRIBUTION LAYER: THE DISTRIBUTION LAYER CONNECTS THE CORE LAYER TO THE ACCESS LAYER. IT PROVIDES ROUTING AND SWITCHING SERVICES, AS WELL AS SECURITY AND OTHER NETWORK SERVICES. ACCESS LAYER: THE ACCESS LAYER PROVIDES CONNECTIVITY TO END DEVICES, SUCH AS COMPUTERS, PRINTERS, AND SERVERS. IT IS TYPICALLY MADE UP OF SWITCHES. HIERARCHICAL NETWORKS OFFER A NUMBER OF ADVANTAGES OVER FLAT NETWORKS, INCLUDING: SCALABILITY: HIERARCHICAL NETWO

  ENTERPRISES: ENTERPRISES USE DISTRIBUTION LAYER SWITCHES TO CONNECT THEIR ACCESS LAYER SWITCHES TO THEIR CORE LAYER SWITCHES. THIS ALLOWS THEM TO CREATE A HIERARCHICAL NETWORK THAT IS SCALABLE, RELIABLE, AND SECURE. DATA CENTERS: DATA CENTERS USE DISTRIBUTION LAYER SWITCHES TO CONNECT THEIR SERVERS AND OTHER DEVICES TO THE CORE NETWORK. THIS ALLOWS THEM TO PROVIDE HIGH-PERFORMANCE NETWORKING FOR THEIR APPLICATIONS. SERVICE PROVIDERS: SERVICE PROVIDERS USE DISTRIBUTION LAYER SWITCHES TO CONNECT THEIR CUSTOMERS TO THEIR NETWORKS. THIS ALLOWS THEM TO PROVIDE A VARIETY OF SERVICES, SUCH AS BROADBAND INTERNET, IPTV, AND VOIP. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES: GOVERNMENT AGENCIES USE DISTRIBUTION LAYER SWITCHES TO CREATE SECURE AND RELIABLE NETWORKS FOR THEIR EMPLOYEES AND CITIZENS. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS: EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS USE DISTRIBUTION LAYER SWITCHES TO CONNECT THEIR CLASSROOMS, LABS, AND OTHER FACILITIES TO THE NETWORK. THIS ALLOWS THEM TO PROVIDE STUDENTS AND FACULTY W

  CORE LAYER SWITCHES ARE USED IN LARGE AND COMPLEX NETWORKS TO PROVIDE HIGH-PERFORMANCE AND RELIABLE CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN DISTRIBUTION LAYER SWITCHES. THEY ARE TYPICALLY HIGH-END SWITCHES WITH FEATURES SUCH AS: HIGH PORT DENSITY HIGH THROUGHPUT AND SWITCHING CAPACITY LAYER 3 ROUTING CAPABILITIES REDUNDANCY AND FAULT TOLERANCE FEATURES CORE LAYER SWITCHES ARE USED IN A VARIETY OF INDUSTRIES, INCLUDING: ENTERPRISE NETWORKS DATA CENTERS SERVICE PROVIDER NETWORKS RESEARCH AND EDUCATION NETWORKS GOVERNMENT NETWORKS HERE ARE SOME SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF WHO MIGHT USE A CORE LAYER SWITCH: A LARGE CORPORATION WITH THOUSANDS OF EMPLOYEES AND MULTIPLE OFFICES AROUND THE WORLD. A CLOUD COMPUTING PROVIDER THAT NEEDS TO CONNECT ITS MANY DATA CENTERS A TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMPANY THAT NEEDS TO PROVIDE RELIABLE CONNECTIVITY TO ITS CUSTOMERS. A UNIVERSITY WITH A LARGE CAMPUS AND A DIVERSE RANGE OF NETWORK DEVICES. HERE ARE SOME OF THE BENEFITS OF USING A CORE LAYER SWITCH:

  A BLINKING RED LIGHT ON A SWITCH CAN INDICATE A NUMBER OF DIFFERENT PROBLEMS, DEPENDING ON THE SPECIFIC DEVICE OR SYSTEM. HERE ARE SOME COMMON EXAMPLES: POWER SUPPLY PROBLEM:   IF THE POWER SUPPLY TO THE SWITCH IS NOT WORKING PROPERLY, THE SWITCH MAY NOT BE ABLE TO TURN ON OR MAY ONLY BE ABLE TO OPERATE INTERMITTENTLY. THIS CAN CAUSE THE RED LIGHT ON THE SWITCH TO BLINK. OVERLOAD: IF THE SWITCH IS OVERLOADED WITH TOO MUCH CURRENT, IT MAY OVERHEAT AND CAUSE THE RED LIGHT TO BLINK. THIS CAN HAPPEN IF TOO MANY DEVICES ARE PLUGGED INTO THE SWITCH OR IF ONE OF THE DEVICES IS FAULTY. SHORT CIRCUIT:     A SHORT CIRCUIT IN THE WIRING CAN ALSO CAUSE THE RED LIGHT ON A SWITCH TO BLINK. THIS IS A POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS SITUATION AND SHOULD BE ADDRESSED BY A QUALIFIED ELECTRICIAN AS SOON AS POSSIBLE. FAULTY SWITCH: IN SOME CASES, A BLINKING RED LIGHT ON A SWITCH MAY SIMPLY INDICATE THAT THE SWITCH ITSELF IS FAULTY. THIS CAN HAPPEN DUE TO WEAR AND TEAR, MANUFACTURING DEFECTS, OR

  A GATEWAY IS A NETWORK NODE THAT CONNECTS TWO NETWORKS WITH DIFFERENT TRANSMISSION PROTOCOLS. IT SERVES AS AN ENTRY AND EXIT POINT FOR A NETWORK, AND ALL DATA MUST PASS THROUGH IT BEFORE MOVING ON. GATEWAYS ARE OFTEN USED TO CONNECT HOME OR BUSINESS NETWORKS TO THE INTERNET. IN THIS CASE, THE GATEWAY IS USUALLY A ROUTER, WHICH CONNECTS THE LOCAL NETWORK TO THE INTERNET USING A MODEM. GATEWAYS CAN ALSO BE USED TO CONNECT DIFFERENT TYPES OF NETWORKS WITHIN AN ORGANIZATION, SUCH AS A LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN) TO A WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN). OR, THEY CAN BE USED TO CONNECT NETWORKS WITH DIFFERENT PROTOCOLS, SUCH AS ETHERNET TO TOKEN RING. GATEWAYS TYPICALLY PERFORM A NUMBER OF FUNCTIONS, INCLUDING: PROTOCOL CONVERSION: GATEWAYS CAN CONVERT DATA FROM ONE PROTOCOL TO ANOTHER. FOR EXAMPLE, A GATEWAY THAT CONNECTS A LAN TO THE INTERNET MIGHT CONVERT DATA FROM ETHERNET TO TCP/IP. ROUTING: GATEWAYS CAN ROUTE DATA PACKETS TO THEIR DESTINATION. THEY DO THIS BY READING THE DESTINATIO

CONFIGURATION 1.   Remote User COMMUNICTE PAKISTAN LAN PUBLIC IP : 202.56.215.2   BUT NOT COMMUNICATION ON LAN NETWORK IP  : 192.168.100.1 2.  Remote User PING LAN FTP SERVER  BUT THY DO NOT PING SERVER. 3.  WHEN YOU CONNECTED VPN AND THEN AGAIN PING LAN FTP SERVER .  ___________ ________ FIRST REMOTE USER COMMUNICATE ON LAN PUB IP BUT DO NOT COMMUNICATE ON LAN IP. ALL INTERFECES LINKED UP AND PERFORM ROUTING. GO TO  Company-Router CONFIGURATION MODE. Router(config)  hostname  Company-Router CREAT A LOCAL AUTHENTICATION FOR VPN Company-Router(config)#  aaa new-model Company-Router(config)#   aaa authentication login WAHAB local Company-Router(config)#   aaa authorization network HANAN local Company-Router(config)#    username Manan password Taimoor CREAT A ISAKMP POLICY FOR VPN THIS POLICY DEFINES THE ENCRYPTION AND AUTHENTICATION ALGORITHMS THAT WILL BE USED TO PROTECT THE TRAFFIC THAT FLOWS THROUGH THE VPN TUNNEL. Company-Router(config)#   crypto isakmp policy 10 3DES: TRIPLE DATA

  What is meant by clustering support? Clustering support is the ability of a network operating system in a fault-tolerant group to connect multiple servers. The primary purpose of clustering is that if one server fails, the processing can continue with the next server in the cluster. What do you understand by decoder? The decoder is a type of circuit that converts the digital signal into an analog signal and encoded data into its original format.  __________ DATA LINK LAYER WORK IN OSI MODEL 1. Modulation, or conversion between the representation of digital data in user equipment and the corresponding signals transmitted over a communications channel:   2.  Demodulation, or conversion between the representation of digital data in user equipment and the corresponding signals received over a communications channel:   Modulation And Demodulation Process Physical Layer Work Is Manchester And Differential Menchester Encoding. Manchester And Differential Menchester Encoding. He Is Used Phys

  A SITE-TO-SITE VPN IS A SECURE CONNECTION BETWEEN TWO NETWORKS, SUCH AS A CORPORATE NETWORK AND A BRANCH OFFICE NETWORK, OR TWO SEPARATE CORPORATE NETWORKS. IT USES ENCRYPTION TO PROTECT DATA AS IT TRAVELS OVER THE PUBLIC INTERNET. TO CREATE A SITE-TO-SITE VPN, YOU NEED A VPN GATEWAY AT EACH SITE. A VPN GATEWAY IS A DEVICE THAT ENCRYPTS AND DECRYPTS DATA TRAFFIC. THE TWO VPN GATEWAYS WORK TOGETHER TO CREATE A SECURE TUNNEL OVER THE PUBLIC INTERNET. ONCE THE VPN TUNNEL IS ESTABLISHED, TRAFFIC BETWEEN THE TWO NETWORKS IS ENCRYPTED AND ROUTED THROUGH THE TUNNEL. THIS MEANS THAT EVEN IF SOMEONE WERE TO INTERCEPT THE TRAFFIC, THEY WOULD NOT BE ABLE TO READ IT. SITE-TO-SITE VPNS ARE OFTEN USED BY BUSINESSES TO CONNECT THEIR DIFFERENT OFFICES TOGETHER, OR TO ALLOW EMPLOYEES TO ACCESS RESOURCES ON THE CORPORATE NETWORK FROM HOME. THEY CAN ALSO BE USED TO CONNECT TWO DIFFERENT CORPORATE NETWORKS TOGETHER, SUCH AS THOSE OF TWO PARTNER COMPANIES. HERE ARE SOME OF THE BENEFITS OF USING A

  LEGACY BIOS LEGACY BIOS, OR BASIC INPUT/OUTPUT SYSTEM, IS A FIRMWARE INTERFACE THAT HAS BEEN USED IN PERSONAL COMPUTERS SINCE THE 1980S. IT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR INITIALIZING THE HARDWARE AND LOADING THE OPERATING SYSTEM. LEGACY BIOS IS A 16-BIT SYSTEM, WHICH MEANS THAT IT IS LIMITED IN ITS CAPABILITIES. FOR EXAMPLE, IT CAN ONLY SUPPORT HARD DRIVES UP TO 2.2 TERABYTES IN SIZE. ___________ UEFI UEFI, OR UNIFIED EXTENSIBLE FIRMWARE INTERFACE, IS A NEWER FIRMWARE INTERFACE THAT WAS INTRODUCED IN 2005. IT IS DESIGNED TO REPLACE LEGACY BIOS AND OFFERS A NUMBER OF ADVANTAGES, INCLUDING: FASTER BOOT TIMES SUPPORT FOR LARGER HARD DRIVES (UP TO 9 ZETTABYTES) A GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE SECURE BOOT SUPPORT SUPPORT FOR NETWORK BOOTING UEFI IS A 32-BIT OR 64-BIT SYSTEM, WHICH GIVES IT MORE FLEXIBILITY THAN LEGACY BIOS. IT ALSO SUPPORTS A WIDER RANGE OF HARDWARE, INCLUDING 64-BIT PROCESSORS AND UEFI-COMPATIBLE OPERATING SYSTEMS. ____________ DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THEM Feature

  IF YOU WANT TO SEE FROM ANY ID CARD NUMBER IN PAKISTAN, HOW MANY SIMS HAVE BEEN ISSUED ON THIS ID CARD NUMBER. CLICK ON ABDUL MANAN JAVED TO SEE HOW MANY SIMS HAVE BEEN ISSUED FROM YOUR ID CARD. ABDUL MANAN JAVED ______________ IF YOU WANT TO SEE THE DETAILS OF AN OLD MOBILE NUMBER. CLICK ON ABDUL MANAN. ABDUL MANAN ________________

  INTERNET IS ALSO CALLED A PACKET SWITCHING NETWORK. THE MESSAGE IS BROKEN DIFFERENT CHUNKS THAT IS CALLED A PACKET. PACKETS ARE SENT SEPARATELY.   EACH PACKET WILL HAVE A SOURCE AND DESTINATION IP ADDRESS ALONG WITH A SEQUENCE NUMBER. THE SEQUENCE NUMBER WILL HELPS THE  RECIEVER TO… TO REORDER THE PACKETS TO DETECT THE MISSING PACKETS TO SEND THE ACKNOWLEDGMENT ___________ 2 TYPES OF PACKET SWITCHNIG. 1. DATAGRAM APPROCH 2. VIRTUAL  CURCUIT APPROACH _____________ 1. DATAGRAM APPROCH

  Dahua IP Cameras Offer A Wide Range Of Resolutions, From 1MP To 8MP And Higher. Some Of The Most Popular Dahua IP Camera Resolutions Include: 1MP: 1280x720 Pixels 2MP: 1920x1080 Pixels 4MP: 2688x1520 Pixels 5MP: 2592x1944 Pixels 8MP: 3840x2160 Pixel s _________ Here Are Some Examples Of Dahua IP Cameras With Different Resolutions: 1MP: Dahua IPC-HFW1100S-S 2MP: Dahua IPC-HFW2200S-S 4MP: Dahua IPC-HFW4200S-S 5MP: Dahua IPC-HFW5200S-S 8MP: Dahua IPC-HFW8200S-S ___________

  THIS BLOG EXPLAINS HOW YOU CAN TURN YOUR LAPTOP OR COMPUTER INTO A WI-FI HOTSPOT. WHEN YOU MAKE YOUR LAPTOP OR COMPUTER A WI-FI HOTSPOT. SO YOU CAN CONNECT TO LAPTOP OR COMPUTER HOTSPOT FROM YOUR MOBILE. ____________ IF YOUR COMPUTER OR LAPTOP IS ALREADY CONNECTED TO A WI-FI SO YOU WILL FOLLOW THESE STEPS. STEP 1 LEFT CLICK ON WIFI OPTION.  __________ WHEN YOU CLICK UP.  TO SEE " Network & Internet Settings " ____________ STEP 2 WHEN YOU CLICK TO SEE IN NEW PAGE THEN CLICK ON HIS OPTION " Mobile Hotspot " ________ STEP 3 WHEN YOU CLICLK ON MOBILE HOTSPOT YOU SEE SETTINGS ON  " Mobile Hotspot ". FIRST YOU ON  Mobile hotspot.   AND THEN EDIT YOUR Network Name And Network Password. _________

  DVR S ARE TYPICALLY USED WITH ANALOG CAMERAS. ANALOG CAMERAS TRANSMIT A RAW VIDEO SIGNAL TO THE DVR OVER COAXIAL CABLES. THE DVR THEN CONVERTS THE ANALOG SIGNAL TO A DIGITAL FORMAT THAT CAN BE STORED AND VIEWED REMOTELY. NVRS ARE TYPICALLY USED WITH IP CAMERAS. IP CAMERAS ENCODE AND PROCESS VIDEO DATA AT THE CAMERA LEVEL, BEFORE TRANSMITTING IT TO THE NVR OVER AN ETHERNET CABLE OR WIRELESSLY. THE NVR THEN STORES AND VIEWS THE VIDEO DATA. HIGHEST RESOULATION NVR MODULE HIKVISION DS-96624NI-I24H NVR : SUPPORTS UP TO 24 CHANNELS OF 4K ULTRA HD RESOLUTION . DAHUA DH-NVR7208-16P-4KS2 NVR : SUPPORTS UP TO 16 CHANNELS OF 4K ULTRA HD RESOLUTION . UNV NVR5208E-4K NVR : SUPPORTS UP TO 8 CHANNELS OF 4K ULTRA HD RESOLUTION . DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NVR AND DVR FEATURE NVR DVR TYPE OF CAMERAS USED IP CAMERAS ANALOG CAMERAS VIDEO PROCESSING VIDEO IS PROCESSED AT THE CAMERA LEVEL VIDEO IS PROCESSED AT THE

  MESSAGE SWITCHING STARTING TECNIQUE IN 1960s. MESSAGE SWITCHING HAD A STORE-AND-FORWARD MECHANISM. IN THIS THE SWITCH FIRST STORES THE DATA AND AFTER STORING IT THEN FORWARDS THE DATA. HARD DISK USED TO STORE DATA IN MESSAGE SWITCHING. THERE WAS A LOT OF DELAY IN MESSAGE SWITCHING. SIMILARLY, WHEN THE DATA GOES FROM ONE SWITCH TO ANOTHER SWITCH, SO THE OTHER SWITCH ALSO HAD SAME PROCESSING. MESSAGE SWITCHING WAS NOT OPTIMAL FOR STREAMING MEDIA AND REAL-TIME APPLICATIONS. EMAIL SERVER IS EXAMPLE OF MESSAGE SITCHING. ___________ ____________

CIRCUIT SWITCHING ESTABLISHES A SHORT PATH BETWEEN THE SENDER AND THE RECIEVER. IN CIRCUIT SWITCHING, FIRST THE CONNECTION IS ESTABLISHED AND THEN THE DATA IS TRANSFERRED. CURCUIT SWITCHING IS TYPICALLY USED A VOICE OR VEDIO COMMUNICATIONS. IT IS MORE EFFICIENT FOR A DATA TRANSMISSION, AS IT ALLOW MULTIPAL DEVICES TO SHARE THE SAME BANDWIT. EXAMPLE IS TELEPHONE NETWORK . CIRCUIT SWITCHING HAS THREE PHASES. 1.        ESTABLISHMENT THE CONNECTION 2.        TRANSFER THE DATA BETWEEN THE SENDER AND RECEIVER 3.        DISCONNECT THE CONNECTION _______________ PHASE 1  Connection Establishment PHASE 2 Transfer Data PHASE 3 Discconect Connnection ________________

  A NEXT-GENERATION FIREWALL (NGFW) IS A NETWORK SECURITY DEVICE THAT PROVIDES A VARIETY OF FEATURES BEYOND THE BASIC PACKET FILTERING AND PORT BLOCKING CAPABILITIES OF TRADITIONAL FIREWALLS. NGFWS ARE DESIGNED TO PROTECT NETWORKS FROM A WIDE RANGE OF THREATS, INCLUDING MALWARE, INTRUSION PREVENTION, AND APPLICATION-LAYER ATTACKS. SOME OF THE KEY FEATURES OF NGFWS INCLUDE: APPLICATION AWARENESS AND CONTROL: NGFWS CAN IDENTIFY AND CONTROL TRAFFIC FROM SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS, EVEN IF THE APPLICATIONS ARE USING ENCRYPTED TRAFFIC. THIS ALLOWS ORGANIZATIONS TO BLOCK MALICIOUS APPLICATIONS AND PREVENT DATA EXFILTRATION. INTEGRATED INTRUSION PREVENTION SYSTEM (IPS): NGFWS TYPICALLY INCLUDE AN INTEGRATED IPS THAT CAN DETECT AND BLOCK KNOWN AND UNKNOWN ATTACKS. THIS PROVIDES ADDITIONAL PROTECTION AGAINST MALWARE, ZERO-DAY ATTACKS, AND OTHER THREATS. THREAT INTELLIGENCE: NGFWS CAN USE THREAT INTELLIGENCE FEEDS TO UPDATE THEIR SECURITY POLICIES AND BLOCK NEW THREATS AS THEY EMERGE.