Packet Switching

INTERNET IS ALSO CALLED A PACKET SWITCHING NETWORK. THE MESSAGE IS BROKEN DIFFERENT CHUNKS THAT IS CALLED A PACKET.

PACKETS ARE SENT SEPARATELY. EACH PACKET WILL HAVE A SOURCE AND DESTINATION IP ADDRESS ALONG WITH A SEQUENCE NUMBER.

THE SEQUENCE NUMBER WILL HELPS THE RECIEVER TO…

TO REORDER THE PACKETS

TO DETECT THE MISSING PACKETS

TO SEND THE ACKNOWLEDGMENT

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2 TYPES OF PACKET SWITCHNIG.

1. DATAGRAM APPROCH

2. VIRTUAL CURCUIT APPROACH

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1. DATAGRAM APPROCH

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BRIDGE MODE AND NAT MODE AP

BOTH BRIDGE MODE AND NAT MODE ARE WAYS TO CONFIGURE AN ACCESS POINT (AP) TO EXTEND A NETWORK, BUT THEY DIFFER IN HOW THEY HANDLE IP ADDRESSES AND NETWORK TRAFFIC: BRIDGE MODE: CONCEPT: ACTS AS A TRANSPARENT BRIDGE, SIMPLY RELAYING DATA BETWEEN WIRED AND WIRELESS DEVICES. IP ADDRESS: DEVICES OBTAIN THEIR IP ADDRESSES FROM AN UPSTREAM DHCP SERVER, TYPICALLY THE MAIN ROUTER ON THE NETWORK. NETWORK TRAFFIC: ALL DEVICES, BOTH WIRED AND WIRELESS, ARE SEEN AS PART OF THE SAME NETWORK AND CAN DIRECTLY COMMUNICATE WITH EACH OTHER. BENEFITS: SEAMLESS ROAMING: DEVICES CAN EFFORTLESSLY SWITCH BETWEEN APS WITHOUT LOSING THEIR IP ADDRESS OR CONNECTION. SIMPLIFIED NETWORK MANAGEMENT: ALL DEVICES ARE ON THE SAME SUBNET, MAKING CONFIGURATION AND TROUBLESHOOTING EASIER. INCREASED COMPATIBILITY: WORKS WITH DEVICES THAT DON'T SUPPORT NAT TRAVERSAL (E.G., SOME VPN CLIENTS). DRAWBACKS: LESS SECURITY : ALL DEVICES ARE DIRECTLY EXPOSED TO EACH OTHER, POTENTIALLY INCREAS

DOS AND DDOS ATTACK

A Dos (Denial-Of-Service) Attack and A DDOS (Distributed Denial-Of-Service) Attack Are Both Attempts to Make a Computer System or Network Resource Unavailable to Legitimate Users. However, They Differ in How They Achieve This: Dos Attack: Imagine A Single Person Throwing Rocks at A Castle Gate. A This Person Represents the Attacker, And the Rocks Represent the Malicious Traffic. The Castle Gate Represents the Target System or Network Resource. The Attacker Keeps Throwing Rocks, Trying to Overwhelm the Gate's Defenses and Gain Entry. Dos Attacks Are Typically Launched from A Single System. They Can Be Effective Against Small Systems or Networks, But Larger Systems Can Often Withstand Them. DDos Attack: Imagine An Army Throwing Rocks at A Castle Gate. This Army Represents the Attacker, And the Rocks Represent the Malicious Traffic. The Castle Gate Represents the Target System or Network Resource. The Attackers Coordinate Their Attack, Throwing Rocks from Multiple Directions at Once.

VSC (Virtual Cluster Switching)

VIRTUAL CLUSTER SWITCHING (VCS): THIS IS A PROPRIETARY NETWORK FABRIC TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPED BY BROCADE, LATER ACQUIRED BY EXTREME NETWORKS. IT ALLOWS MULTIPLE PHYSICAL SWITCHES TO BE COMBINED AND MANAGED AS A SINGLE LOGICAL UNIT, OFFERING SEVERAL BENEFITS: SIMPLIFIED MANAGEMENT: MANAGE THE ENTIRE VCS AS ONE ENTITY, REDUCING CONFIGURATION OVERHEAD AND TROUBLESHOOTING COMPLEXITY. INCREASED PORT DENSITY: COMBINE PORTS FROM MULTIPLE SWITCHES TO CREATE A LARGER POOL OF AVAILABLE CONNECTIONS. IMPROVED PERFORMANCE: ENHANCE LINK UTILIZATION AND LOAD BALANCING ACROSS MULTIPLE PHYSICAL LINKS, REDUCING BOTTLENECKS. ENHANCED REDUNDANCY: PROVIDES FAILOVER PROTECTION IN CASE OF A SWITCH FAILURE. TRAFFIC WILL BE AUTOMATICALLY REROUTED TO OTHER SWITCHES WITHIN THE VCS. SIMPLIFIED NETWORK TOPOLOGY: ELIMINATES THE NEED FOR COMPLEX LINK AGGREGATION OR SPANNING TREE PROTOCOL (STP) CONFIGURATIONS. _________ VCS, OR VIRTUAL CLUSTER SWITCHING, CAN OPERATE IN DIFFERENT MODES DEPENDI

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